Abstract: The semi-automated activities on the Internet, primarily carried out by social robots which use computational propaganda as their manipulation strategy are reviewed, and how the improper combination of human intelligence and artificial intelligence could lead to information alienation such as opinion manipulation, deterioration of the online ecosystem, group antagonism, and data security risks is discussed. Based on the current use and far-reaching impact of online Astroturfing actions, a multi-tiered, systematic, dynamic, and collaborative governance paradigm is proposed from perspectives of system, technology, platform, and stakeholder, exploring new paths for collaborative governance and shared management of cyberspace.

Key words: social robots, astroturfing, artificial intelligence governance, public value, supervision